Diagnosis of Stones

• Physical Examination
• Laboratory Evaluation
• Urine Analysis and Culture
• Plain Film
• Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) and Tomography
• Renal ultrasound
• Helical (Spiral) CT SCAN

Suggested readings
Yilmaz S, Sindel T, Arslan G, et al: Renal colic: Comparison of spiral CT, US and IVU in the detection of ureteral calculi. Eur Radiol 1998; 8(2):212-217.

Federle MP, McAninch JW, Kaiser JA, et al: Computer tomography of urinary calculi. American Journal of Roentgenology 1981; 136(2): 255-258.

Fielding JR, Steele G, Fox IA, et al: Spiral computerized tomography in the evaluation of acute flank pain: A replacement for excretory urography. J Urol 1997; 157(6):2071-2073.

Dalrymple NC, Verga M, Anderson KR, et al: The value of unenhanced helical computerized tomography in the management of acute flank pain. J Urol 1998;159(3):735-740.

Smith RC, Verga M, McCarthy S, et al: Diagnosis of acute flank pain: Value of unenhanced helical CT, AJR 1996; 166(1): 97-101.

Heiken JP, Brink JA, Banner MP, et al: Spiral (helical) CT. Radiology 1993; 189(3): 647-656.

Lumerman JH, Mellinger BC, Perlmutter S, et al: Helical computed tomography vs. Intravenous pyelography: Utility to the urologist in the evaluation of suspected renal colic. In press.

Olcott EW, Sommer FG, Napel S: Accuracy of detection and measurement of renal calculi: In vitro comparison of three-dimensional spiral CT radiography, and nephrotomography. Radiology 1997; 204:19-25.

Hillman BJ, Drach GW, Tracey P, et al: Computed tomographic analysis of renal calculi. Am J Roentgenol 1984,1942(3):549-552.

Kuwahara M. Kageyama S. Kurosu S. et al: Computed tomography and composition of renal calculi. Uro Res 1984; 12(2): 111-113.

Mostafavi MR, Ernst RD, Saltzman B: Accurate determination of chemical composition of urinary calculi by spiral computerized tomography. Urol 1998; 159(3): 673-675.

Katz DS, Lane MJ, Sommer FG: Unenhanced helical CT of ureteral stones: Incidence of associated urinary tract findings. AJR 1996; 166(6): 1319-1322.

Smith RC, Verga M, Darymple N, et al: Acute ureteral obstruction: Value of secondary signs of helical unenhanced CT AJR 1996; 167(5): 1109-1113.

Fielding JR, Fox LA, Heller H, et al: Spiral CT in the evaluation of flank pain: Overall accuracy and feature analysis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1997; 21(4): 635-638.

Takahasi N, Kawashima A, Ernst RD, et al: Ureterolithiasis: Can clinical outcome be predicted with unenhanced helical CT? Radiloogy 1998; 208(1): 97-102.

Bell TV, Fenion HM, Davison BD, et al: Unenhanced helical CT criteria to differentiate distal ureteral calculi from pelvic phleboliths. Radiology 1998; 207(2) 363-367.

Heneghan TP, Dalrymple NC, Verga M, et al: Soft-tissue "rim" sign in the diagnosis of ureteral calculi with use of unenhanced halical CT. Radiology 1997; 202(3): 709-711.

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